Mouth Cancer Symptoms and Causes

Oral Cancer: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, And Treatments

Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer or cancer of the oral cavity, encompasses various cancers that originate in the mouth area. These cancers typically develop on the lips, tongue, or floor of the mouth, but they can also begin in the cheeks, gums, roof of the mouth, tonsils, and salivary glands. Classified under head and neck cancers, mouth cancers are often treated using similar approaches.

The symptoms of mouth cancer can include persistent sores, lumps, or ulcers in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and unexplained bleeding or numbness. Risk factors for developing mouth cancer include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and excessive sun exposure to the lips. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving the prognosis and survival rates of individuals diagnosed with mouth cancer. Let’s read more about it in detail.

Causes Of Oral Cancer 

Mouth cancer develops when cells in the lips or mouth undergo changes (mutations) in their DNA. DNA contains the instructions that direct a cell’s functions. These mutations cause the cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, whereas normal cells would die off as part of the body’s natural processes. This uncontrolled growth leads to the accumulation of abnormal cells, which can form a tumor. Over time, these cancerous cells can spread within the mouth and to other regions of the head, neck, or body.

The majority of mouth cancers originate in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells lining the lips and the interior of the mouth. Consequently, most oral cancers are classified as squamous cell carcinomas.

While the precise cause of these mutations in squamous cells is not fully understood, several risk factors have been identified that may increase the likelihood of developing mouth cancer. These include tobacco use, heavy alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, prolonged sun exposure to the lips, and a weakened immune system.

Symptoms of mouth cancer can include persistent sores or ulcers, lumps, difficulty swallowing, and unexplained bleeding or numbness in the mouth. Regular dental check-ups and prompt attention to any unusual changes in the mouth are crucial for early detection and effective treatment. Early diagnosis significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and survival, highlighting the importance of being aware of the risk factors and symptoms associated with mouth cancer.

Also ReadStages Of Oral Cancer And How To Treat Them

Symptoms Of Oral Cancer 

Symptoms of mouth cancer can manifest in various areas of the mouth, including the gums, tongue, inner cheeks, or lips.

Signs to watch for include:

  • A mouth ulcer that persists for more than three weeks
  • A red or white patch within the mouth
  • A lump inside the mouth or on the lip
  • Pain within the mouth
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Trouble speaking or a hoarse voice
  • A lump in the neck or throat
  • Unintentional weight loss

These symptoms are common and can result from other conditions.

Experiencing these symptoms does not necessarily indicate mouth cancer, but it is essential to consult a doctor or dentist for an evaluation.

Early detection of cancer can make it more manageable and increase the chances of successful treatment.

Diagnosis Of Mouth Cancer

Mouth cancer is often initially detected during routine dental check-ups. If your dentist or doctor suspects something unusual, they will conduct a thorough examination of your mouth, throat, tongue, cheeks, ears, and eyes. To confirm a diagnosis, you may be referred to a specialist for further testing, including:

Endoscopy

An endoscopy involves using a flexible tube with a camera (endoscope) to inspect the nose, sinuses, larynx (voice box), and pharynx (throat) for any abnormalities.

Biopsy

A biopsy involves extracting a small tissue sample, which is then analyzed by a pathologist to check for the presence of cancerous cells.

X-rays

X-rays of the head and neck can help identify the presence of cancer in areas such as the jaw, lungs, or chest.

Imaging Scans

Advanced imaging techniques like PET, CT, and MRI scans are used to determine the exact location, stage, and potential spread of cancer within the body.

Treatment For Mouth Cancer

The treatment for mouth cancer varies depending on the type, location, and extent of the disease.

Staging

CT and MRI scans are employed to determine the extent of cancer’s spread. This staging process is crucial for doctors to develop the most effective treatment plan.

Surgical Intervention

Surgery is a common approach, particularly for early-stage mouth cancer. It involves removing the tumor and possibly surrounding tissues and lymph nodes, depending on the tumor’s size and how far it has spread.

Radiotherapy

Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, can be used alone to treat small mouth cancers. For more advanced cancers, it is often combined with chemotherapy. Radiation therapy may also be recommended post-surgery to target any remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy utilizes drugs to kill or reduce the size of tumors. It can be administered alone or alongside radiation therapy. It might be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or if cancer returns after other treatments.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy for oral cancer works by strengthening the immune system’s ability to fight the disease. It can either boost immune responses or block certain actions to make the immune system more effective. Some treatments use lab-made substances that mimic natural immune components to help the body recognize and attack cancer cells. For instance, immune checkpoint inhibitors target proteins on tumor cells that normally prevent the immune system from attacking. By blocking these proteins, the immune system can better identify and destroy cancer cells. Other approaches include cell-based therapies, monoclonal antibodies, cytokine therapy, and vaccines.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules or pathways involved in cancer development. These drugs are more precise than traditional chemotherapy, as they target molecules often overexpressed or mutated in cancer cells. While they generally spare normal cells, targeted therapies can still cause unique and sometimes severe side effects, requiring close monitoring. Often combined with chemotherapy or radiation, they can lead to additional toxicities like diarrhoea and skin problems. Small-molecule inhibitors, typically taken orally, may be managed outside of oncology settings.

Palliative Care

Palliative care aims to enhance quality of life by managing symptoms and side effects rather than curing the cancer. It is recommended to alleviate pain and other discomforts associated with cancer or its treatment.

Treatment Team

A diverse team of healthcare professionals works together to provide comprehensive care. This team may include:

  • Primary Care Physician: Oversees general health and coordinates with specialists.
  • ENT Specialist: Focuses on conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.
  • Head and Neck Surgeon: Specializes in the treatment of head and neck cancers.
  • Oral Surgeon: Treats conditions related to the mouth, face, and jaws.
  • Reconstructive Surgeon: Performs surgeries to restore appearance and function following cancer treatment.
  • Dentist: Ensures dental health is maintained.
  • Radiation Oncologist: Directs and manages radiation therapy.
  • Medical Oncologist: Oversees chemotherapy treatment.
  • Oncology Nurse: Provides care, support, and information throughout treatment.
  • Dietitian: Recommends dietary plans during treatment and recovery.
  • Speech Therapist: Helps with swallowing and speech issues.
  • Other Allied Health Professionals: Includes social workers, pharmacists, and counselors who provide additional support and care.

This multidisciplinary team approach ensures that all aspects of the patient’s care are addressed during their treatment journey.

Final Thoughts 

Mouth cancer, a serious and potentially life-threatening condition, requires timely and comprehensive care. Understanding the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options is crucial for effective management. Early detection through regular dental check-ups and awareness of risk factors significantly improves the prognosis and survival rates. A multidisciplinary team approach ensures that patients receive holistic care tailored to their unique needs, addressing not only the cancer itself but also the overall well-being of the individual. By staying informed and proactive, individuals can better navigate the challenges of mouth cancer and enhance their quality of life during treatment and recovery. If you feel any of the above listed symptoms, book your appointment now with Dr. Saphalta Baghmar, the best oncologist in Faridabad, India.

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